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commercial architecture - Übersetzung nach russisch
![Fisher Building]] (1895-1896), meant the height of a building was no longer limited by the strength of its walls.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution (1903), cropped (18249937699).jpg?width=200 "Fisher Building]] (1895-1896), meant the height of a building was no longer limited by the strength of its walls.")
![Marquette Building]] (1895).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Marquette Building - Chicago IL (7833796194).jpg?width=200 "Marquette Building]] (1895).")
.jpg?width=200 "150px")
![[[Willis Tower]], completed in 1973, introduced the bundled tube structural system and was the world's tallest building until 1998](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sears Tower ss.jpg?width=200 "[[Willis Tower]], completed in 1973, introduced the bundled tube structural system and was the world's tallest building until 1998")
строительное дело
архитектура торговых зданий
![The [[Milam Residence]]: an early example of Late modernist architecture.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/FL Ponte Vedra Beach Arthur Milam House07.jpg?width=200 "The [[Milam Residence]]: an early example of Late modernist architecture.")
![[[The Crystal Palace]] (1851) was one of the first buildings to have [[cast plate glass]] windows supported by a [[cast-iron]] frame](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Crystal Palace.PNG?width=200 "[[The Crystal Palace]] (1851) was one of the first buildings to have [[cast plate glass]] windows supported by a [[cast-iron]] frame")
![Saint-Denis]] near Paris](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Maison François Coignet 2.jpg?width=200 "Saint-Denis]] near Paris")
![The [[Home Insurance Building]] in Chicago, by [[William Le Baron Jenney]] (1884)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Home Insurance Building.JPG?width=200 "The [[Home Insurance Building]] in Chicago, by [[William Le Baron Jenney]] (1884)")
![The [[Eiffel Tower]] being constructed (August 1887–89)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Construction tour eiffel5.JPG?width=200 "The [[Eiffel Tower]] being constructed (August 1887–89)")
![The [[Glasgow School of Art]] by [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]] (1896–99)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Schoolofart1.jpg?width=200 "The [[Glasgow School of Art]] by [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]] (1896–99)")
![Reinforced concrete apartment building by [[Auguste Perret]], Paris (1903)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/25bis rue Benjamin-Franklin (25437741212).jpg?width=200 "Reinforced concrete apartment building by [[Auguste Perret]], Paris (1903)")
![[[Austrian Postal Savings Bank]] in Vienna by [[Otto Wagner]] (1904–1906)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Vienna - PSK Otto Wagner's Postsparkasse - 5977.jpg?width=200 "[[Austrian Postal Savings Bank]] in Vienna by [[Otto Wagner]] (1904–1906)")
![The [[AEG]] Turbine factory by [[Peter Behrens]] (1909)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Berlin AEG Turbinenfabrik.jpg?width=200 "The [[AEG]] Turbine factory by [[Peter Behrens]] (1909)")
![The [[Steiner House]] in Vienna by [[Adolf Loos]], main facade (1910)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Casa Steiner - Foto Fachada Trasera.jpg?width=200 "The [[Steiner House]] in Vienna by [[Adolf Loos]], main facade (1910)")
![[[Stoclet Palace]] by [[Josef Hoffmann]], Brussels, (1906–1911)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Woluwe-St-Pierre - Hoffmann 050917 (1).jpg?width=200 "[[Stoclet Palace]] by [[Josef Hoffmann]], Brussels, (1906–1911)")
![The [[Théâtre des Champs-Élysées]] in Paris by [[Auguste Perret]] (1911–1913)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Théâtre des Champs-Élysées DSC09330.jpg?width=200 "The [[Théâtre des Champs-Élysées]] in Paris by [[Auguste Perret]] (1911–1913)")
![Stepped concrete apartment building in Paris by [[Henri Sauvage]] (1912–1914)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/01Sauvage26rueVavin.JPG?width=200 "Stepped concrete apartment building in Paris by [[Henri Sauvage]] (1912–1914)")
![[[The Ginsburg skyscraper]] in Kiev (1910-1912) by Adolf Minkus and Fyodor Troupianskyi, Europe's tallest building by roof height before 1925.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Копия ginsburg4.PNG?width=200 "[[The Ginsburg skyscraper]] in Kiev (1910-1912) by Adolf Minkus and Fyodor Troupianskyi, Europe's tallest building by roof height before 1925.")
![Centennial Hall]] in [[Wrocław]] by [[Max Berg]] (1911–1913)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Wrocław - Jahrhunderthalle5.jpg?width=200 "Centennial Hall]] in [[Wrocław]] by [[Max Berg]] (1911–1913)")
![Adolf Meyer]] (1911–13)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fagus-Werke-01.jpg?width=200 "Adolf Meyer]] (1911–13)")
![The [[Glass Pavilion]] in [[Cologne]] by German architect [[Bruno Taut]] (1914)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Taut Glass Pavilion exterior 1914.jpg?width=200 "The [[Glass Pavilion]] in [[Cologne]] by German architect [[Bruno Taut]] (1914)")
![[[William H. Winslow House]], by Frank Lloyd Wright, River Forest, Illinois (1893–94)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/William H. Winslow House Front Facade.jpg?width=200 "[[William H. Winslow House]], by Frank Lloyd Wright, River Forest, Illinois (1893–94)")
![The [[Arthur Heurtley House]] in Oak Park, Illinois (1902)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Oak park house2.jpg?width=200 "The [[Arthur Heurtley House]] in Oak Park, Illinois (1902)")
![[[Larkin Administration Building]] by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], [[Buffalo, New York]] (1904–1906)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LarkinAdministrationBuilding1906.jpg?width=200 "[[Larkin Administration Building]] by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], [[Buffalo, New York]] (1904–1906)")
![Interior of [[Unity Temple]] by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], [[Oak Park, Illinois]] (1905–1908)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Unity Temple - Oak Park IL 9 (3224132995).jpg?width=200 "Interior of [[Unity Temple]] by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], [[Oak Park, Illinois]] (1905–1908)")
![The [[Robie House]] by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], Chicago (1909)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Frederick C. Robie House.JPG?width=200 "The [[Robie House]] by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], Chicago (1909)")
![[[Prudential (Guaranty) Building]] by [[Louis Sullivan]] in [[Buffalo, New York]] (1896)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Prudential buffalo louis sullivan.jpg?width=200 "[[Prudential (Guaranty) Building]] by [[Louis Sullivan]] in [[Buffalo, New York]] (1896)")
![The [[Flatiron Building]] in New York City (1903)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Detroit Photographic Company (0645).jpg?width=200 "The [[Flatiron Building]] in New York City (1903)")
![The [[Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building]] in Chicago by [[Louis Sullivan]] (1904–1906)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Carson Pirie Scott building, Chicago, Illinois - Louis Sullivan.jpg?width=200 "The [[Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building]] in Chicago by [[Louis Sullivan]] (1904–1906)")
![The [[Woolworth Building]] and the New York skyline in 1913. It was modern on the inside but [[neo-Gothic]] on the outside.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Woolworth Building and City Hall Park, New York City 1910s retouched.png?width=200 "The [[Woolworth Building]] and the New York skyline in 1913. It was modern on the inside but [[neo-Gothic]] on the outside.")
![The neo-Gothic crown of the [[Woolworth Building]] by [[Cass Gilbert]] (1912)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/WoolworthBuilding crop.jpg?width=200 "The neo-Gothic crown of the [[Woolworth Building]] by [[Cass Gilbert]] (1912)")
![The [[Villa La Roche]]-Jeanneret (now [[Fondation Le Corbusier]]) by [[Le Corbusier]], Paris (1923–25)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Villa La Roche 2013.jpg?width=200 "The [[Villa La Roche]]-Jeanneret (now [[Fondation Le Corbusier]]) by [[Le Corbusier]], Paris (1923–25)")
![Corbusier Haus in [[Weissenhof Estate]], Stuttgart, Germany (1927)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Weissenhof Corbusier 03.jpg?width=200 "Corbusier Haus in [[Weissenhof Estate]], Stuttgart, Germany (1927)")
![Citrohan Haus in [[Weissenhof Estate]], Stuttgart, Germany by Le Corbusier (1927)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Weissenhof photo house citrohan east façade Le Corbusier & Pierre Jeanneret Stuttgart Germany 2005-10-08.jpg?width=200 "Citrohan Haus in [[Weissenhof Estate]], Stuttgart, Germany by Le Corbusier (1927)")
![[[Villa Paul Poiret]] by [[Robert Mallet-Stevens]] (1921–1925)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/MalletStevensMezy2.jpg?width=200 "[[Villa Paul Poiret]] by [[Robert Mallet-Stevens]] (1921–1925)")
![The [[Villa Noailles]] in [[Hyères]] by Robert Mallet-Stevens (1923)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Villa Noailles (Mallet-Stevens, 1923).JPG?width=200 "The [[Villa Noailles]] in [[Hyères]] by Robert Mallet-Stevens (1923)")
![Hôtel Martel rue Mallet-Stevens, by [[Robert Mallet-Stevens]] (1926–1927)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Villa des frères Martel construite par Robert Mallet-Stevens au 10 rue Mallet-Stevens (Paris), en 1927.jpg?width=200 "Hôtel Martel rue Mallet-Stevens, by [[Robert Mallet-Stevens]] (1926–1927)")
![[[Rietveld Schröder House]] in the Netherlands (1924)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rietveld Schröderhuis HayKranen-20.JPG?width=200 "[[Rietveld Schröder House]] in the Netherlands (1924)")
![The [[Bauhaus Dessau building]], designed by [[Walter Gropius]] (1926)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bauhaus Dessau 2018.jpg?width=200 "The [[Bauhaus Dessau building]], designed by [[Walter Gropius]] (1926)")
![[[ADGB Trade Union School]] by [[Hannes Meyer]] and [[Hans Wittwer]] (1928-30)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bernau bei Berlin ADGB Schule Wohntrakte vorne.jpg?width=200 "[[ADGB Trade Union School]] by [[Hannes Meyer]] and [[Hans Wittwer]] (1928-30)")
![[[Haus am Horn]], Weimar by [[Georg Muche]] (1923)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Haus am Horn, Weimar (Südwestansicht).jpg?width=200 "[[Haus am Horn]], Weimar by [[Georg Muche]] (1923)")
![The [[Barcelona Pavilion]] (modern reconstruction) by [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]] (1929)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/The Barcelona Pavilion, Barcelona, 2010.jpg?width=200 "The [[Barcelona Pavilion]] (modern reconstruction) by [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]] (1929)")
![The [[Weissenhof Estate]] in [[Stuttgart]], built by the [[German Werkbund]] (1927)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/WeissenhofsiedlungJJPOud-pjt.jpg?width=200 "The [[Weissenhof Estate]] in [[Stuttgart]], built by the [[German Werkbund]] (1927)")
![Foyer of the Großes Schauspielhaus, or Great Theater, in Berlin by [[Hans Poelzig]] (1919)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Berlin Grosses Schauspielhaus Poelzig Foyer.jpg?width=200 "Foyer of the Großes Schauspielhaus, or Great Theater, in Berlin by [[Hans Poelzig]] (1919)")
![The [[Einstein Tower]] near Berlin by [[Erich Mendelsohn]] (1920–24)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Einsteinturm 7443.jpg?width=200 "The [[Einstein Tower]] near Berlin by [[Erich Mendelsohn]] (1920–24)")
![The [[Mossehaus]] in Berlin by [[Erich Mendelsohn]], an early example of streamline moderne (1921–23)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Berlin, Mitte, Schuetzenstrasse, Mosse-Zentrum 05.jpg?width=200 "The [[Mossehaus]] in Berlin by [[Erich Mendelsohn]], an early example of streamline moderne (1921–23)")
![The [[Chilehaus]] in Hamburg by [[Fritz Höger]] (1921–24)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Chilehaus - Hamburg.jpg?width=200 "The [[Chilehaus]] in Hamburg by [[Fritz Höger]] (1921–24)")
![[[Horseshoe Estate]] public housing project by [[Bruno Taut]] (1925)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Berlin Hufeisensiedlung UAV 04-2017.jpg?width=200 "[[Horseshoe Estate]] public housing project by [[Bruno Taut]] (1925)")
![Second Goetheanum]] in [[Dornach]] near [[Basel]] ([[Switzerland]]) by the Austrian architect [[Rudolf Steiner]] (1924–1928)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Goetheanum im Winter von Süden.jpg?width=200 "Second Goetheanum]] in [[Dornach]] near [[Basel]] ([[Switzerland]]) by the Austrian architect [[Rudolf Steiner]] (1924–1928)")
![[[Het Schip]] apartment building in [[Amsterdam]] by [[Michel de Klerk]] (1917–1920)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Amsterdam Het Schip 006.JPG?width=200 "[[Het Schip]] apartment building in [[Amsterdam]] by [[Michel de Klerk]] (1917–1920)")
![[[De Bijenkorf]] store in [[The Hague]] by [[Piet Kramer]] (1924–1926)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Den Haag De Bijenkorf 001.JPG?width=200 "[[De Bijenkorf]] store in [[The Hague]] by [[Piet Kramer]] (1924–1926)")
![Model of the Tower for the Third International, by [[Vladimir Tatlin]] (1919)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tatlin's Tower maket 1919 year.jpg?width=200 "Model of the Tower for the Third International, by [[Vladimir Tatlin]] (1919)")
![the [[Lenin Mausoleum]] in Moscow by [[Alexey Shchusev]] (1924)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lenin Mausoleum.jpg?width=200 "the [[Lenin Mausoleum]] in Moscow by [[Alexey Shchusev]] (1924)")
![The USSR Pavilion at the 1925 Paris Exposition of Decorative Arts, by [[Konstantin Melnikov]] (1925)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pavillon de l'URSS Paris (1925).jpg?width=200 "The USSR Pavilion at the 1925 Paris Exposition of Decorative Arts, by [[Konstantin Melnikov]] (1925)")
![Rusakov Workers' Club, Moscow, by [[Konstantin Melnikov]] (1928)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Moscow RusakovWorkersClub 2253.jpg?width=200 "Rusakov Workers' Club, Moscow, by [[Konstantin Melnikov]] (1928)")
![Zonnestraal Sanatorium]] in [[Hilversum]] by [[Jan Duiker]] and Bernard Bijvoet (1926–1928)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Mr.M. C. Dresselhuyspaviljoen, overzicht van de zuidvleugel, dan wel scheeve vleugel, tijdens restauratie - Hilversum - 20422171 - RCE.jpg?width=200 "Zonnestraal Sanatorium]] in [[Hilversum]] by [[Jan Duiker]] and Bernard Bijvoet (1926–1928)")
![[[Open air school]] in Amsterdam by [[Jan Duiker]] (1929–1930)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Openluchtschool - Open-air School (8157211576).jpg?width=200 "[[Open air school]] in Amsterdam by [[Jan Duiker]] (1929–1930)")
![[[Van Nelle Factory]] in [[Rotterdam]] by [[Leendert van der Vlugt]] and [[Mart Stam]] (1927–1931)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/VN5 HDR2.jpg?width=200 "[[Van Nelle Factory]] in [[Rotterdam]] by [[Leendert van der Vlugt]] and [[Mart Stam]] (1927–1931)")
![Paris International Exposition of Decorative Arts]] (1925)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Paris-FR-75-Expo 1925 Arts décoratifs-pavillon des Galeries Lafayette.jpg?width=200 "Paris International Exposition of Decorative Arts]] (1925)")
![[[La Samaritaine]] department store, by [[Henri Sauvage]], Paris, (1925–28)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/P1030956 Paris Ier La Samaritaine rwk.JPG?width=200 "[[La Samaritaine]] department store, by [[Henri Sauvage]], Paris, (1925–28)")
![The [[American Radiator Building]] in New York City by [[Raymond Hood]] (1924)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/American Radiator Building.jpg?width=200 "The [[American Radiator Building]] in New York City by [[Raymond Hood]] (1924)")
![[[Guardian Building]] in Detroit, by [[Wirt C. Rowland]] (1927–29)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Guardian Building Detroit Interior Clock.jpg?width=200 "[[Guardian Building]] in Detroit, by [[Wirt C. Rowland]] (1927–29)")
![[[Chrysler Building]] in New York City, by [[William Van Alen]] (1928–30)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Chrysler Building spire, Manhattan, by Carol Highsmith (LOC highsm.04444).jpg?width=200 "[[Chrysler Building]] in New York City, by [[William Van Alen]] (1928–30)")
![Crown of the [[General Electric Building]] (also known as 570 Lexington Avenue) by [[Cross & Cross]] (1933)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/GeneralElectricBuilding-Crown.jpg?width=200 "Crown of the [[General Electric Building]] (also known as 570 Lexington Avenue) by [[Cross & Cross]] (1933)")
![30 Rockefeller Center, now the [[Comcast Building]], by [[Raymond Hood]] (1933)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/GE Building by David Shankbone.JPG?width=200 "30 Rockefeller Center, now the [[Comcast Building]], by [[Raymond Hood]] (1933)")
![[[Pan-Pacific Auditorium]] in Los Angeles (1936)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pan-Pacific Auditorium entrance.jpg?width=200 "[[Pan-Pacific Auditorium]] in Los Angeles (1936)")
![The [[San Francisco Maritime Museum]], originally was a public bathhouse (1936)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SFMaritimeMuseum.jpg?width=200 "The [[San Francisco Maritime Museum]], originally was a public bathhouse (1936)")
![Intake towers of [[Hoover Dam]] (1931–36)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hoover Dam (3467678621).jpg?width=200 "Intake towers of [[Hoover Dam]] (1931–36)")
![[[Long Beach Main Post Office]] (1933–34)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/U.S. Post Office (Long Beach Main).jpg?width=200 "[[Long Beach Main Post Office]] (1933–34)")
![[[Ennis House]] in Los Angeles, by Frank Lloyd Wright (1924)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ennis House front view 2005.jpg?width=200 "[[Ennis House]] in Los Angeles, by Frank Lloyd Wright (1924)")
![[[Fallingwater]] by Frank Lloyd Wright (1928–34)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fallingwater - DSC05643.JPG?width=200 "[[Fallingwater]] by Frank Lloyd Wright (1928–34)")
![Rudolph Schindler]] (1926)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lovell Beach House 02.jpg?width=200 "Rudolph Schindler]] (1926)")
![Lovell Health House]] in Los Feliz, Los Angeles, California, by [[Richard Neutra]] (1927–29)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lovell House 2.jpg?width=200 "Lovell Health House]] in Los Feliz, Los Angeles, California, by [[Richard Neutra]] (1927–29)")
![1937 Paris International Exposition]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Paris 75016 Fontaines du Trocadéro 20090815.jpg?width=200 "1937 Paris International Exposition]]")
![Guernica]]'' (1937)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rutes Històriques a Horta-Guinardó-pabello republica 02.jpg?width=200 "Guernica]]'' (1937)")
![The Zeppelinfield stadium in [[Nuremberg]], Germany (1934), built by [[Albert Speer]] for Nazi Party rallies](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nazi party rally grounds (1938) 3.jpg?width=200 "The Zeppelinfield stadium in [[Nuremberg]], Germany (1934), built by [[Albert Speer]] for Nazi Party rallies")
![The ''Casa del Fascio'' (House of Fascism) in Como, Italy, by [[Giuseppe Terragni]] (1932–1936)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Como, ex casa del fascio 04.JPG?width=200 "The ''Casa del Fascio'' (House of Fascism) in Como, Italy, by [[Giuseppe Terragni]] (1932–1936)")
![[[Palais de Tokyo]], [[Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Palais de Tokyo, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris.jpg?width=200 "[[Palais de Tokyo]], [[Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris]]")
![Pavilion of the Ford Motor Company, in the [[Streamline Moderne]] style](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/World Fair 1939 LOC gsc.5a03061.jpg?width=200 "Pavilion of the Ford Motor Company, in the [[Streamline Moderne]] style")
![The center of [[Le Havre]] destroyed by bombing in 1944](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Le Havre hiver 1944-1945.JPG?width=200 "The center of [[Le Havre]] destroyed by bombing in 1944")
![The center of [[Le Havre]] as reconstructed by [[Auguste Perret]] (1946–1964)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/LeHavre.jpg?width=200 "The center of [[Le Havre]] as reconstructed by [[Auguste Perret]] (1946–1964)")
![[[Quonset hut]] en route to Japan (1945)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Quonset hut emplacement in Japan.jpg?width=200 "[[Quonset hut]] en route to Japan (1945)")
![Salon and Terrace of an original unit of the [[Unité d'Habitation]], now at the [[Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine]] in Paris (1952)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Unite d'Habitation salon.jpg?width=200 "Salon and Terrace of an original unit of the [[Unité d'Habitation]], now at the [[Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine]] in Paris (1952)")
![Chapel of Notre-Dame-du-Haut]] in Ronchamp (1950–1955)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/RonchampCorbu.jpg?width=200 "Chapel of Notre-Dame-du-Haut]] in Ronchamp (1950–1955)")
![The Pfeiffer Chapel at [[Florida Southern College]] by Frank Lloyd Wright (1941–1958)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lakeland FSC Pfeiffer Chapel01.jpg?width=200 "The Pfeiffer Chapel at [[Florida Southern College]] by Frank Lloyd Wright (1941–1958)")
![The [[Price Tower]] in [[Bartlesville]], Oklahoma (1956)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Price Tower - Bartlesville.jpg?width=200 "The [[Price Tower]] in [[Bartlesville]], Oklahoma (1956)")
![[[Solomon Guggenheim Museum]], by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] (1946–1959)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/NYC - Guggenheim Museum.jpg?width=200 "[[Solomon Guggenheim Museum]], by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] (1946–1959)")
![Story Hall of the [[Harvard Law School]] by [[Walter Gropius]] and ([[The Architects Collaborative]])](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Story Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge MA.jpg?width=200 "Story Hall of the [[Harvard Law School]] by [[Walter Gropius]] and ([[The Architects Collaborative]])")
![The [[Stillman House]] [[Litchfield, Connecticut]], by [[Marcel Breuer]] (1950) The swimming pool mural is by [[Alexander Calder]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Stillman Photo 2.jpeg?width=200 "The [[Stillman House]] [[Litchfield, Connecticut]], by [[Marcel Breuer]] (1950) The swimming pool mural is by [[Alexander Calder]]")
![The PanAm building (Now [[MetLife Building]]) in New York, by [[Walter Gropius]] and [[The Architects Collaborative]] (1958–63)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Walter Gropius photo MetLife Building fassade New York USA 2005-10-03.jpg?width=200 "The PanAm building (Now [[MetLife Building]]) in New York, by [[Walter Gropius]] and [[The Architects Collaborative]] (1958–63)")
![[[Villa Tugendhat]] in [[Brno]], Czech Republic (1928–30)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/VT16_PD_zahrada.jpg?width=200 "[[Villa Tugendhat]] in [[Brno]], Czech Republic (1928–30)")
![The [[Farnsworth House]] in [[Plano, Illinois]] (1945–51)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Farnsworth House by Mies Van Der Rohe - exterior-8.jpg?width=200 "The [[Farnsworth House]] in [[Plano, Illinois]] (1945–51)")
![[[Crown Hall]] at the [[Illinois Institute of Technology]], Chicago (1956)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/S.R. Crown Hall.jpg?width=200 "[[Crown Hall]] at the [[Illinois Institute of Technology]], Chicago (1956)")
![The [[Seagram Building]], New York City, 1958, by [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Seagrambuilding.jpg?width=200 "The [[Seagram Building]], New York City, 1958, by [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]]")
![Pacific Palisades]], (1949)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Eames House0.jpg?width=200 "Pacific Palisades]], (1949)")
![[[Neutra Office Building]] by [[Richard Neutra]] in Los Angeles (1950)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/NeutraOfficeBldg.1.jpg?width=200 "[[Neutra Office Building]] by [[Richard Neutra]] in Los Angeles (1950)")
![The [[Constance Perkins House]] by [[Richard Neutra]], Los Angeles (1962)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Constance Perkins House.jpg?width=200 "The [[Constance Perkins House]] by [[Richard Neutra]], Los Angeles (1962)")
![[[Manhattan House]] by [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] (1950–51)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Manhattan House 65 jeh.JPG?width=200 "[[Manhattan House]] by [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] (1950–51)")
![[[Lever House]] by [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] (1951–52)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Lever House by David Shankbone.jpg?width=200 "[[Lever House]] by [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] (1951–52)")
![[[Manufacturers Trust Company Building]], by [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]], New York City (1954)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Manufacturers Trust Company Building 510 Fifth Avenue.jpg?width=200 "[[Manufacturers Trust Company Building]], by [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]], New York City (1954)")
![[[Beinecke Library]] at [[Yale University]] by [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] (1963)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Yale-beinecke-library.jpg?width=200 "[[Beinecke Library]] at [[Yale University]] by [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] (1963)")
![[[United Nations Headquarters]] in New York, by [[Wallace Harrison]] with [[Oscar Niemeyer]] and [[Le Corbusier]] (1952)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/United Nations Headquarters.JPG?width=200 "[[United Nations Headquarters]] in New York, by [[Wallace Harrison]] with [[Oscar Niemeyer]] and [[Le Corbusier]] (1952)")
![Metropolitan Opera House]] at [[Lincoln Center]] in New York City by [[Wallace Harrison]] (1966)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/CFiorentini007.jpg?width=200 "Metropolitan Opera House]] at [[Lincoln Center]] in New York City by [[Wallace Harrison]] (1966)")
![The [[Glass House]] by [[Philip Johnson]] in [[New Canaan, Connecticut]] (1953)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Glasshouse-philip-johnson.jpg?width=200 "The [[Glass House]] by [[Philip Johnson]] in [[New Canaan, Connecticut]] (1953)")
![The [[IDS Center]] in Minneapolis, Minnesota, by Philip Johnson (1969–72)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/IDS reflecting Wells Fargo.jpg?width=200 "The [[IDS Center]] in Minneapolis, Minnesota, by Philip Johnson (1969–72)")
![The [[Crystal Cathedral]] by Philip Johnson (1977–80)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Crys-ext.jpg?width=200 "The [[Crystal Cathedral]] by Philip Johnson (1977–80)")
![The [[Williams Tower]] in [[Houston]], Texas, by Philip Johnson (1981–1983)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Williamstower.jpg?width=200 "The [[Williams Tower]] in [[Houston]], Texas, by Philip Johnson (1981–1983)")
![[[PPG Place]] in [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania, by Philip Johnson (1981–84)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pittsburgh-pennsylvania-ppg-place-2007.jpg?width=200 "[[PPG Place]] in [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvania, by Philip Johnson (1981–84)")
![Saint Louis]], Missouri (1948–1965)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/St Louis night expblend cropped.jpg?width=200 "Saint Louis]], Missouri (1948–1965)")
![Main building of the [[General Motors Technical Center]] (1949–55)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Warren - General Motors Technical Center (50826111923).jpg?width=200 "Main building of the [[General Motors Technical Center]] (1949–55)")
![The [[Ingalls Rink]] in [[New Haven]], Connecticut (1953–58)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ingalls Rink Highsmith.jpg?width=200 "The [[Ingalls Rink]] in [[New Haven]], Connecticut (1953–58)")
![The TWA Terminal at JFK Airport in New York, by [[Eero Saarinen]] (1956–62)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jfkairport.jpg?width=200 "The TWA Terminal at JFK Airport in New York, by [[Eero Saarinen]] (1956–62)")
![First Unitarian Church of Rochester]] by Louis Kahn (1962)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/First Unitarian Church of Rochester NY North Side at West end 1227-8.jpg?width=200 "First Unitarian Church of Rochester]] by Louis Kahn (1962)")
![The [[Salk Institute]] by [[Louis Kahn]] (1962–63)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Salk Institute 2.jpg?width=200 "The [[Salk Institute]] by [[Louis Kahn]] (1962–63)")
![[[Richards Medical Research Laboratories]] by Louis Kahn (1957–61)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/WTP2 Mike Reali 01d.jpg?width=200 "[[Richards Medical Research Laboratories]] by Louis Kahn (1957–61)")
![The [[Kimball Art Museum]] in [[Fort Worth]], Texas (1966–72)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Kimbell Art Museum Dusk Highsmith.jpg?width=200 "The [[Kimball Art Museum]] in [[Fort Worth]], Texas (1966–72)")
![National Parliament Building]] in [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]] (1962–74)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban (Roehl).jpg?width=200 "National Parliament Building]] in [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]] (1962–74)")
![Green Building]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] by [[I. M. Pei]] (1962–64)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Green Building, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.JPG?width=200 "Green Building]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] by [[I. M. Pei]] (1962–64)")
![The [[National Center for Atmospheric Research]] in [[Boulder, Colorado]] by I. M. Pei (1963–67)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/National Center for Atmospheric Research - Boulder, Colorado.jpg?width=200 "The [[National Center for Atmospheric Research]] in [[Boulder, Colorado]] by I. M. Pei (1963–67)")
![[[Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art]] at [[Cornell University]] in [[Ithaca, New York]] by I. M. Pei (1973)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell Univ Ithaca NY USA.jpg?width=200 "[[Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art]] at [[Cornell University]] in [[Ithaca, New York]] by I. M. Pei (1973)")
![East Wing of the [[National Gallery of Art]] in Washington, D.C., by I M. Pei (1978)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/National Gallery East Wing by Matthew Bisanz.JPG?width=200 "East Wing of the [[National Gallery of Art]] in Washington, D.C., by I M. Pei (1978)")
![Pyramid of the [[Louvre Museum]] in Paris by I. M. Pei (1983–89)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Louvre Museum Wikimedia Commons.jpg?width=200 "Pyramid of the [[Louvre Museum]] in Paris by I. M. Pei (1983–89)")
![[[John Hancock Center]] in Chicago by [[Fazlur Rahman Khan]] was the first building to use X-bracing to create the trussed-tube design.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hancock_tower_2006.jpg?width=200 "[[John Hancock Center]] in Chicago by [[Fazlur Rahman Khan]] was the first building to use X-bracing to create the trussed-tube design.")
![[[Willis Tower]] in Chicago was the first building to use the bundled-tube design.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/2004-07-14_2600x1500_chicago_lake_skyline.jpg?width=200 "[[Willis Tower]] in Chicago was the first building to use the bundled-tube design.")
![The Twin Towers of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] in [[Lower Manhattan]] by [[Minoru Yamasaki]] (1913-1986)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ Skyline_Twin_Towers_Sander_Lamme.jpg?width=200 "The Twin Towers of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)]] in [[Lower Manhattan]] by [[Minoru Yamasaki]] (1913-1986)")
![Wendell O. Pruitt Homes and William Igoe Apartments]] Housing Project, in [[St. Louis]] (1955-1976)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ Pruitt-igoeUSGS02.jpg?width=200 "Wendell O. Pruitt Homes and William Igoe Apartments]] Housing Project, in [[St. Louis]] (1955-1976)")
![The [[Century Plaza Towers]] in Los Angeles, California (1975)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ CenturyPlazaTowers.jpg?width=200 "The [[Century Plaza Towers]] in Los Angeles, California (1975)")
![[[One Woodward Avenue]] in Detroit, Michigan (1962)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/OneWoodwardAvenue.JPG?width=200 "[[One Woodward Avenue]] in Detroit, Michigan (1962)")
![[[Sainte Marie de La Tourette]] in Evreaux-sur-l'Arbresle, France by [[Le Corbusier]] and [[Iannis Xenakis]] (1956–60)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sainte Marie de La Tourette 2007.jpg?width=200 "[[Sainte Marie de La Tourette]] in Evreaux-sur-l'Arbresle, France by [[Le Corbusier]] and [[Iannis Xenakis]] (1956–60)")
![[[Royal National Theatre]], London, by [[Denys Lasdun]] (1967–1976)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/National Theatre, London.jpg?width=200 "[[Royal National Theatre]], London, by [[Denys Lasdun]] (1967–1976)")
![Auditorium of the University of Technology, Helsinki, by [[Alvar Aalto]] (1964)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Helsinki University of Technology auditorium.jpg?width=200 "Auditorium of the University of Technology, Helsinki, by [[Alvar Aalto]] (1964)")
![University Hospital Center in [[Liège]], Belgium by Charles Vandenhove (1962–82)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Academisch ziekenhuis C.H.U..jpg?width=200 "University Hospital Center in [[Liège]], Belgium by Charles Vandenhove (1962–82)")
![The [[Pirelli Tower]] in Milan, by [[Gio Ponti]] and [[Pier Luigi Nervi]] (1958–60)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Looking up at Torre Pirelli from Piazza Duca d'Aosta, Milan.jpg?width=200 "The [[Pirelli Tower]] in Milan, by [[Gio Ponti]] and [[Pier Luigi Nervi]] (1958–60)")
![The [[Fondation Maeght]] by [[Josep Lluis Sert]] (1959–1964)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/02 Fondation Maeght.JPG?width=200 "The [[Fondation Maeght]] by [[Josep Lluis Sert]] (1959–1964)")
![Church of [[St. Martin, Idstein]] Germany by [[Johannes Krahn]] (1965)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Katholische Kirche Idstein 022.JPG?width=200 "Church of [[St. Martin, Idstein]] Germany by [[Johannes Krahn]] (1965)")
![[[Warszawa Centralna railway station]] in Poland by Arseniusz Romanowicz (1975)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Warszawa 1975 WDC 42783.jpg?width=200 "[[Warszawa Centralna railway station]] in Poland by Arseniusz Romanowicz (1975)")
![Structuralism]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Orphanage-1a.Aldo van Eyck.jpg?width=200 "Structuralism]].")
![Ministry of Health and Education in [[Rio de Janeiro]] by [[Lucio Costa]] (1936–43)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/MESP4.jpg?width=200 "Ministry of Health and Education in [[Rio de Janeiro]] by [[Lucio Costa]] (1936–43)")
![MAM Rio]] museum, by [[Affonso Eduardo Reidy]] (1960)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/MAM - Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro 02.jpg?width=200 "MAM Rio]] museum, by [[Affonso Eduardo Reidy]] (1960)")
![The National Congress building in [[Brasilia]] by Oscar Niemeyer (1956–61)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Congresso Nacional.jpg?width=200 "The National Congress building in [[Brasilia]] by Oscar Niemeyer (1956–61)")
![The [[Cathedral of Brasilia]] by [[Oscar Niemeyer]] (1958–1970)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Catedral de Bsb.jpg?width=200 "The [[Cathedral of Brasilia]] by [[Oscar Niemeyer]] (1958–1970)")
![The [[Palácio do Planalto]], offices of the Brazilian president, by Oscar Niemeyer (1958–60)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/06-11-2014 Novembro Azul (15546341448).jpg?width=200 "The [[Palácio do Planalto]], offices of the Brazilian president, by Oscar Niemeyer (1958–60)")
![[[São Paulo Museum of Art]], MASP, by [[Lina Bo Bardi]] (1957–68)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/MASP 2017 001.jpg?width=200 "[[São Paulo Museum of Art]], MASP, by [[Lina Bo Bardi]] (1957–68)")
![The [[Torre Latinoamericana]] in Mexico City by [[Augusto H. Alvarez]] (1956)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Torre Latinoamericana 1.jpg?width=200 "The [[Torre Latinoamericana]] in Mexico City by [[Augusto H. Alvarez]] (1956)")
![The [[Colegio de México]] in Mexico City by [[Teodoro González de León]] and [[Abraham Zabludovsky]] (1976)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Explanada de El Colegio de México.jpg?width=200 "The [[Colegio de México]] in Mexico City by [[Teodoro González de León]] and [[Abraham Zabludovsky]] (1976)")
![Interior of the [[Luis Barragán House and Studio]] in Mexico City, by [[Luis Barragan]] (1948)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Luis Barragan - Casa Luis Barragan 張基義老師拍攝 010.jpg?width=200 "Interior of the [[Luis Barragán House and Studio]] in Mexico City, by [[Luis Barragan]] (1948)")
![UNAM, Mexico City]], by [[Eugenio Peschard]] (1953)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Mural on rear of Alfonso Caro Auditorium, UNAM, Mexcio City.jpg?width=200 "UNAM, Mexico City]], by [[Eugenio Peschard]] (1953)")
![Residencias del Parque in [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]] by [[Rogelio Salmona]] (1965-1970)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Torres del Parque.JPG?width=200 "Residencias del Parque in [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]] by [[Rogelio Salmona]] (1965-1970)")
![House of [[Kunio Maekawa]] in Tokyo (1935)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/House-Kunio-Maekawa-03.jpg?width=200 "House of [[Kunio Maekawa]] in Tokyo (1935)")
![International House of Japan by [[Kunio Maekawa]], Tokyo (1955)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/International House of Japan.jpg?width=200 "International House of Japan by [[Kunio Maekawa]], Tokyo (1955)")
![[[Yoyogi National Gymnasium]] by [[Kenzo Tange]] (1964)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Kokuritsu Yoyogi Kyōgijō 1.jpg?width=200 "[[Yoyogi National Gymnasium]] by [[Kenzo Tange]] (1964)")
![[[Sydney Opera House]] in Sydney, Australia, by [[Jørn Utzon]] (1973)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sydney Opera House Sails edit02.jpg?width=200 "[[Sydney Opera House]] in Sydney, Australia, by [[Jørn Utzon]] (1973)")
![[[Vincent Timsit Workshop]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Vincent Timsit Workshop (VÉTÉ) 09.jpg?width=200 "[[Vincent Timsit Workshop]]")
 07.jpg?width=200 "File:Vincent Timsit Workshop (VÉTÉ) 07.jpg")
![[[Tour de la nation]], [[Tunis]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tunisie Siège du RCD.jpg?width=200 "[[Tour de la nation]], [[Tunis]].")
Definition
Wikipedia
Chicago's architecture is famous throughout the world and one style is referred to as the Chicago School. Much of its early work is also known as Commercial Style. In the history of architecture, the first Chicago School was a school of architects active in Chicago in the late 19th, and at the turn of the 20th century. They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial buildings, and developed a spatial aesthetic which co-evolved with, and then came to influence, parallel developments in European Modernism. A "Second Chicago School" with a modernist aesthetic emerged in the 1940s through 1970s, which pioneered new building technologies and structural systems, such as the tube-frame structure.
